1862-1999: Revolutionary song in Italy

“Nostra
patria e il mondo intero”

(Our country is the entire world)

Line from a song by Pietro Gori.

Italy has a strong and vibrant tradition of song springing
from the people and industrialisation has not completely succeeded in destroying
these musical traditions. In the central regions of Lazio, Tuscany and the
Abruzzo, for example, the tradition of ottava rima, dating from the
Middle Ages was strong among the peasants. It can use poetry from Homer or
Dante, can be completely improvised, or can deal with political and social
issues. Whilst Italy did not have the flowering of political and social song
that came with the Revolution in France, the struggle for national unity and
against the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian occupiers produced a number of songs.
Among these were Camicia Rossa (Red Shirt) which sang with rapture
of the red shirt worn by Garibaldi’s volunteers. When General Cialdini
ordered his troops to fire on Garibaldi’s Red Shirts at Aspromonte in
1862, this led to the composing of the song Rondinella d’ Aspromonte,
which sings of Garibaldi’s heroism and magnanimity. Garibaldi got two
bullet wounds as a result of this incident and another song which is still
recited by children was also created: Garibaldi fu ferito (Garibaldi
was wounded in the leg).

Supporters of Mazzini and of Garibaldi during this period used songs to get
their ideas of national unity over to the broadly illiterate masses as well
as reading out speeches in the great squares. This awareness of the valuable
role of song as an instrument of propaganda that developed with the nationalist
movement made it easy for the emerging worker’s movement, and the socialist
and anarchist currents within it to develop their own repertoire of songs.
Just as the anarchists broke with old imagery of the bourgeois Republican
songs in France, so it was with Italian anarchists and the nationalist repertoire.

Gori

One of the most committed anarchists was Pietro Gori (1865-1911), who devoted
most of his life to the anarchist movement. A lawyer by profession, he also
held many others jobs, for example an ordinary seaman. He had an important
role in spreading anarchist ideas in both North and South America whilst in
exile. An anarchist communist like Malatesta, he ceaselessly struggled for
the free society. He penned his first anarchist poems between 1892-3, Alla Conquista dell’Avvenire (To the Conquest of the Future)
and his three volume Prigioni e Battaglie (Prisons and Battles).

When the Italian anarchist Sante Caserio assassinated the French President
Sadi Carnot in 1894, in response to the execution of several French anarchists,
Gori was falsely accused by the Crispi government in Italy of being involved.
Gori had indeed written a song about him and his subsequent execution, A
Caserio, with a beautiful and sad tune and
lyrics, but Caserio had acted completely on his own. Gori was forced to leave
Italy for exile in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland. There, another
campaign of false accusation was launched against him and other Italian anarchists
instigated by the police in his home country. A botched attempt on his life
was followed by pressure being put on the
Swiss government. He and 15 other anarchists were imprisoned, and finally
expelled from the country.

It was while he was waiting in prison at Lugano to be deported that Gori wrote
probably the most beautiful Italian anarchist song of all Addio Bella Lugano (Farewell Beautiful Lugano):

Farewell beautiful Lugano,

Farewell my sweet land,

Driven away guiltlessly,

The anarchists are leaving.

And they set off singing,

With hope in their hearts

[…]

Ceaselessly banished,

We will go from land to land,

Promoting peace and declaring war,

Peace among the oppressed,

war to the oppressors.

This song was first sung as the anarchists boarded a train
to take them into exile. It was recently sung at the funeral of an Italian
anarchist who had settled in Australia. Gori also composed songs like Il
canto dei lavatori del mare (Song of
the workers of the sea) and Il canto dei lavatori della terra (Song
of the workers of the land) as well as Amore Ribelle (Rebel Love) –
a love song to Revolution!

Gori’s pure personality and sincere devotion to the cause made him greatly
admired among the Italian working class. When he died in 1911 (his health
broken by his ceaseless propaganda work), the train taking his body to his
final resting place stopped at every station along the track where large crowds
had gathered.

Of the same second generation of anarchists as Gori, the Lombard, Luigi Molinari,
devoted much of his activity
to editing a paper L’Universita Popolare and to projects of libertarian
education based on the Modern School ideas of the martyred Spanish anarchist
Francisco Ferrer. He believed in intensive campaigns of education among the
workers and peasants and saw the value of song as a propaganda weapon. His Inno della Rivolta (Hymn of Revolt) is the most famous of his songs.

Other anarchists of this period also penned songs, like for example Attilio
Panizza and his Inno dei Malfattori (Hymn of the Malefactors).
The occupation of the factories by the workers in Northern Italy in the years
1918-21 also led to a flowering of anarchist song. One of the finest is Figli
del’officina (Sons of the Factories), by Raffaeli De Feo. It counterposes
class war to the murderous World War that had just ended.

The organisation of workers defence squads – the Arditi del Popolo which were started first in Rome in June 1921, gave birth to the song, Il
Popolo degli arditi: “We are the arditi of the people, peasants
and workers…Construct a proletarian front against fascism.” But
the fascist movement against which the arditi had mobilised triumphed
and with its triumph came massive repression against the workers’ movement
and the anarchist movement. Many anarchists fled into exile, many were imprisoned
and any activity was underground.

With the development of anarchist resistance groups in the mid-40s came the
birth of new anarchist songs. One, the song of the Gino Lucetti Battalion,
named after the anarchist who had tried to assassinate Mussolini, Dai Monti
di Sarzani (Down from the Mountains of Sarzana), specifically mentions
Pietro Gori as inspiration.

Pinelli and Valpreda

In December 1969, a bomb killed 16 people in Milan. The bomb had been planted
by fascist groups, and they themselves had been used by the Italian intelligence
services. All of this was established much later and there are indications
that the American secret service, the CIA, was also involved in what has been
called “the Strategy of Tension”,
provocations designed to bring on State repression. The anarchists were immediately
targeted by the police. The anarchist railway worker Giuseppe Pinelli ‘fell’
from the 4th floor window of the main police station in Milan.

Another anarchist, the dancer Pietro Valpreda, was arrested and after a long
imprisonment was acquitted and released. A large number of songs, many based
on other tunes were created almost spontaneously during demonstrations and
rallies. Some dealt with the murder of Pinelli, Giustizia di classe (Class Justice), Lamento per la morte di Giuseppe Pinelli (Lament for
the death of Giuseppe Pinelli) and Ballata per l’anarchico Pinelli (Ballad for the anarchist Pinelli):

There’s a coffin and 3,000 comrades,

We were all clasping our flags,

And we swore that night,

That it won’t end this way Povero Pinelli (Poor Pinelli),

Anonymous and innocent,

You loved anarchy.

Other songs dealt with the frameing of Valpreda, E a te Petro Valpreda (And to you Pietro Valpreda) and Valpreda
e innocente (Valpreda is innocent). There was even a sarcastic one about
Superintendent Calabrese, generally held responsible for Pinelli’s death, Povero Calabrese. Songs were also composed about the death in a police
cell in Pisa in 1972 of the young anarchist, Franco Serantini and of the imprisonment
of the anarchist Giovanni Marini after he had defended himself against a fascist
gang. Songs are still being composed, like, for example, one based on a local
folk melody on the occupiers of empty houses in Spezzano Albanese in the South.

Alongside this tradition of song was the appearance of singers who can be
likened to Brassens and Ferre in France, who made a living out of singing
and who expressed a number of anarchist ideas in their songs. The most famous
of these is Fabrizio De Andre. Born in Genoa in 1940, he became heavily influenced
by the French chansonniers, above all Georges Brassens. His long career as
a singer, until his death in 1999, revealed his anarchist and atheist ideas
and his sympathies for the oppressed and the outsiders. The one that shocked
the Catholic Church most was his Il Testamento di Tito (Titus’
Testament) which purports to be the views of one of the thieves crucified
alongside Christ. His most political album recorded in 1973 is Storia di
un impegiato (White Collar Story).

Other singers who have expressed anarchist ideas are the Modenese Francesco
Guccini and the upcoming singer from Salento, Alessio Lega, who appears to
be close to the anarchist movement. What is important is that the tradition
of anarchist song appears to be still vigorous, directly related to the social
movements and not eclipsed by professional singers who may have some anarchist
sympathies.